In London and Tianjin, waste capture reduced consumption of hinterland resources, whereas in Bangkok, the aim was to improve the sustainability of resource use in coastal and marine hinterlands. Three cases are used to illustrate governance innovation in MUR-PCS interactions: industrial symbiosis in Tianjin, China electricity production in London, UK and the adoption of standards and labels for seafood in Bangkok, Thailand. Actions taken within MURs influence the sustainability of global PCSs, and vice versa but that influence is complicated by complex governance intersections. These roles, coupled with their concentration, clustering and centrality effects, mean MURs have a disproportionately large effect on the sustainability of global production-consumption systems (PCSs). Mega-urban regions (MURs) are important consumers or traders of resources from, or producers of wastes destined for, the global hinterlands.
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